A. Legal Instruments

European Convention on Human Rights, Rome, 4 November 1950.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171.

American Convention on Human Rights, San Jose, 22 November 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1144, p. 123.

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment , Stockholm, 16 June 1972, in Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 5-16 June 1972 (A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 ), p. 3.

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Nairobi, 27 June 1981, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1520, p. 217.

Additional Protocol to the American Convention Human Rights in the area of economic, social and cultural rights, San Salvador, 17 November 1988.

Convention on the Rights of the Child, New York, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3.

Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1760, p. 79.

Arab Charter on Human Rights, Cairo, 15 September 1994.

Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, Aarhus, 25 June 1998, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2161, p. 447.

ASEAN Human Rights Declaration, Phnom Penh, 18 November 2012.

Paris Agreement, Paris, 12 December 2015, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 3156, p. 79.

Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean, Escazú, 4 March 2018.

B. Jurisprudence

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, State Obligations in relation to the Environment in the context of the Protection and Guarantee of the Rights to Life and to Personal Integrity: Interpretation and Scope of Articles 4(1) and 5(1) in relation to Articles 1(1) and 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion of 15 November 2017, OC-23/17.

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Request for Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law, Advisory Opinion of 21 May 2024, ITLOS REPORTS 2024, p. 4.

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Climate Emergency and Human Rights, Advisory Opinion of 29 May 2025, AO-32/25.

International Court of Justice, Obligations of States in respect of climate change, Advisory opinion of 23 July 2025.

C. Documents                                                                       

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, 24 January 2018, UN Doc. A/HRC/37/59.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 26 (2023) on children’s rights and the environment, with a special focus on climate change, 22 August 2023, UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/26.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Scene-Setting  Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of climate change, 24 July 2024, UN Doc. A/HRC/56/46.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment “The Overview of the implementation of the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment”, 2 August 2024, UN Doc. A/79/270.

United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of climate change, Report on the imperative of defossilizing our economies, 15 May 2025, UN Doc. A/HRC/59/42.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General comment No. 27 (2025) on economic, social and cultural rights and the environmental dimension of sustainable development, 6 November 2025, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/27.

D. Doctrine

E. Morgera et al., “Ocean-based Climate Action and Human Rights Implications under the International Climate Change Regime”,  The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 38(3), pp.411-446, 2023.

E. Morgera, “The Progressive Development of International Biodiversity Law: from Nature Conservation to the Biodiversity-Human Rights-Ocean-Climate Nexus” in J. Ebbeson (ed.), Stockholm + 50: International Environmental Law in Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2025.

J. Knox and E. Morgera, “Human Rights and the Environment: the interdependence of human rights and a healthy environment in the context of national legislation on natural resources”, FAO Legal Papers No. 109, 2022.