General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva, 30 October 1947, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 55, p. 187.

Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and Pakistan for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, Bonn, 25 November 1959, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 457, p. 23.

Traité entre la Confédération Suisse et la République Tunisienne relatif à la protection et à l’encouragement des investissements de capitaux, Bern, 2 December 1961.

Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, Washington, 18 March 1965, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 575, p. 159.

Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Republic of Chad for the protection of capital investments, Rome, 11 June 1969.

Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Tunisia on the protection of investments, Paris, 30 June 1972, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 858, p. 144.

Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Israel concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, Bonn, 24 June 1976.

Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Zaire concerning the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investment, Washington, 3 August 1984.

Treaty between the United States of America and the Arab Republic of Egypt concerning the Reciprocal encouragement and protection of investments, Cairo, 11 March 1986.

Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investments between the Republic of Italy and the Arab Republic of Egypt, Cairo, 2 March 1989.

Acuerdo entre la República Argentina y la República Italiana sobre la promoción y protección de las inversiones, Buenos Aires, 22 May 1990.

Agreement for the promotion and protection of investments between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Argentina, London, 11 December 1990, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1765, p. 33.

Agreement on encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, 24 April 1991.

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Argentine Republic Concerning the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investment, Washington, 14 November 1991, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 3227, registration no. 54935.

North American Free Trade Agreement, Washington, 17 December 1992, International Legal Materials, vol. 32, 1993, p. 289.

Agreement between the Government of Hong Kong and the Government of Australia for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, Hong Kong, 15 September 1993, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1770, p. 386.

Energy Charter Treaty, Lisbon, 17 December 1994, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2080, p. 95.

Agreement Between the Government of the Italian Republic and the Government of the United Arab Emirates for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, Abu Dhabi, 22 January 1995.

Agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of the Philippines for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, Bonn, 18 April 1997.

Agreement between the Swiss Confederation and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments, Bern, 7 October 1998.

The Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), 5 August 2004, Chapter 10.

Treaty between the United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, Mar del Plata, 4 November 2005.

United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement, 3 December 2010, Chapter Eleven.

United States Model Bilateral Investment Treaty, 2012.

United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration, New York, 10 December 2014, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 3208, registration no. 54749.

Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Members, of the other part, Brussels, 30 October 2016, Chapter 8.

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), Santiago, 8 March 2018, Chapter 9.

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), Buenos Aires, 30 November 2018, Chapter 14.

L. F. H. Neer and Pauline Neer (U.S.A.) v. United Mexican States, 15 October 1926, R.I.A.A. vol. IV, pp. 60-66.

Permanent Court of International Justice, Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzów Factory, Judgment of 26 July 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 9, p. 3.

Permanent Court of International Justice, Nationality Decrees Issues in Tunis and Morocco, Advisory Opinion of 7 February 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 4, p. 7.

Permanent Court of International Justice, Acquisition of Polish Nationality, Advisory Opinion of 15 September 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 7, p. 6.

International Court of Justice, Nottebohm Case (second phase), Judgment of 6 April 1955, I.C.J. Reports 1955, p. 4.

US-Italy Conciliation Commission, Mergé Case, Decision No. 55 of 10 June 1955, R.I.A.A., vol. XIV, pp. 236-248.

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International Court of Justice, Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 3.

Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America, IUSCT Case No. A-18, Decision of 6 April 1984.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Liberian Eastern Timber Corporation v. Republic of Liberia, Award of 31 March 1986, ICSID Case No. ARB/83/2.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Fedax N.V. v. The Republic of Venezuela, Award of 9 March 1998, ICSID Case No. ARB/96/3.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Antoine Goetz et consorts v. République du Burundi, Award of 10 February 1999, ICSID Case No. ARB/95/3.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Wena Hotels Ltd. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, Award of 8 December 2000, ICSID Case No. ARB/98/4.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Alex Genin, Eastern Credit Limited, Inc. and A.S. Baltoil v. The Republic of Estonia, Award of 25 June of 2001, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/2.

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International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Generation Ukraine, Inc. v. Ukraine, Award of 16 September 2003, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/9.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, MTD Equity Sdn. Bhd. and MTD Chile S.A. v. Republic of Chile, Award of 25 May 2004, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/7.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Hussein Nuaman Soufraki v. The United Arab Emirates, Award of 7 July 2004, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/7.

International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, CMS Gas Transmission Company v. the Argentine Republic, Award of 12 May 2005, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/8.

Permanent Court of Arbitration, Saluka Investments B.V. v. Czech Republic, Partial Award of 17 March 2006.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Inceysa Vallisoletana S.L. v. Republic of El Salvador, Award of 2 August 2006, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/26.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, ADC Affiliate Limited and ADC & ADMC Management Limited v. The Republic of Hungary, Award of 2 October 2006, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/16.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, World Duty Free Company Limited v. The Republic of Kenya, Award of 4 October 2006, ARB/00/7.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Champion Trading Company, Ameritrade International, Inc. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, Award of 27 October 2006, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/9.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, PSEG Global, Inc., The North American Coal Corporation, and Konya Ingin Electrik Üretim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v. Republic of Turkey, Award of 19 January 2007, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/5.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Tokios Tokelés v. Ukraine, Award of 26 July 2007, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/18.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide v. The Republic of the Philippines, Award of 16 August 2007, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/25.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Bernardus Henricus Funnekotter and others v. Republic of Zimbabwe, Award of 22 April 2009, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/6.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Waguih Elie George Siag and Clorinda Vecchi v. The Arab Republic of Egypt, Award of 1 June 2009, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/15.

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The Hull Formula, Exchanges between Cordell Hull and the Mexican government, 1938.

Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment (“Havana Charter”), Havana, 24 March 1948, E/Conf. 2/78.

General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962 (Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources).

General Assembly resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 12 December 1974 (Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States).

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, United Nations, New York, 2021.

United States Model Bilateral Investment Treaty of 2012.

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), Draft Codes of Conduct and Commentary, 23 November 2022, A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.223.

International Center for the Settlement of Investment disputes (ICSID) Arbitration Rules, July 2022.

UNCTAD, Investment Policy Hub.

R. Dolzer and C. Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law, 3^rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2022.