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Mr. Andrew Clapham

Mr. Andrew Clapham
Professor of International Law
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva

Biography Biography in PDF

Peace and Security
Use of Force
The Meaning of War in International Law
Video | Audio
(1/7/2022, 29 minutes)
Peace and Security
Use of Force
The Meaning of War in International Law
A. Legal Instruments

Convention regarding the Regime of Straits, Montreux, 20 July 1936, League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 173, p. 213. 

Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco, 26 June 1945. 

Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Tokyo, 19 January 1946. 

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Geneva, 12 August 1949, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, p. 31. 

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Geneva, 12 August 1949, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, p. 85. 

Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 12 August 1949, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, p. 135. 

Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Geneva, 12 August 1949, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, p. 287. 

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171. 

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Geneva, 8 June 1977, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1125, p. 3. 

Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, Strasbourg, 28 April 1983, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1449, p. 281.

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, New York, 15 December 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1642, p. 414. 

Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty, Asuncion, 8 June 1990.

Rome State of the International Criminal Court, Rome, 17 July 1998, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2187, p. 3.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the adoption of an additional distinctive emblem (Protocol III), Geneva, 8 December 2005, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2404, p. 261.

B. Jurisprudence

International Chamber of Commerce, Arbitral tribunal, Dalmia Cement Ltd v National Bank of Pakistan, 18 December 1976, International Law Reports, vol. 67, 1984, p. 611.

High Court (Ireland), Edward Horgan, Applicant v An Taoiseach, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister for Transport, the Government of Ireland, Ireland and the Attorney General, Respondent [2003 No. 3739P] [2003] 2 IR 468, [2003] IEHC 64.

International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136. 

Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, The State of Eritrea and The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Partial Award of 19 December 2005, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXVI, pp. 381-406. 

World Trade Organization, Russia—Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit, Panel Report of 5 April 2019, WT/DS512/R. 

C. Documents

General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970 (The Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation). 

The Law Commission, Second Programme, Item XVIII, Treason, Sedition and Allied Offences, Working Paper No. 72, H.M.S.O., London, 1977. 

Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador, art. 27, 1983.

Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries, adopted by the International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session, 2001 (A/56/10, reproduced in Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2001, vol. II, Part Two). 

Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, art. XLVI, 2010. 

Draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, with commentaries, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its sixty-third session (A/66/10, reproduced in Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2011, vol. II, Part Two). 

United Nations, Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 11: Prohibition of propaganda for war and inciting national, racial or religious hatred (Art. 20), 29 July 1983.

D. Doctrine

A. Clapham, War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021.

C. Greenwood, “The Concept of War in Modern International Law”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 36, 1987, pp. 283-306.

P. Kalmanovitz, The Laws of War in International Thought, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020. 

C. Kreß and S. Barriga, (eds.), The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016.

H. Lauterpacht, (ed.), Oppenheim's International Law: a Treatise (Disputes, War and Neutrality), 7th ed., vol. II, Longmans, London, 1952.

D. McNair and A. D. Watts, The Legal Effects of War, 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1966.

M. Mancini, “The Effects of a State of War or Armed Conflict”, in M. Weller (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, pp. 988-1013.

S C. Neff, (ed.), Hugo Grotius: On the Law of War and Peace, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012. 

S. C. Neff, War and the Law of Nations: A General History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.

M. E. O'Connell, What is War? An Investigation in the Wake of 9/11, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston, 2012. 

N. Rodley and M. Pollard, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. 

S. Sayapin, “A Curious Aggression Trial in Ukraine: Some Reflections on the Alexandrov and Yerofeyev Case”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 16, 2018, pp. 1093-104.

I. Scobbie, "War", in: J. d'Aspremont & S. Singh (eds.), Concepts for International Law, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham, 2019, pp. 900-912. 

B. van Dijk, Preparing for War: The Making of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2022.

E. d. Vattel, B. Kapossy and R. Whatmore (eds.), The Law of Nations: Or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns (1797), Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 2008. 

J. Westlake, International Law, Part I: Peace, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1904. 

J. Westlake, International Law, Part II: War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1907.