Codification Division Publications: United Nations Legislative Series Codification Division Publications: United Nations Legislative Series

Book 21: Review of the Multilateral Treaty-Making Process (1985)

Complete PDF View PDF file
Table of Contents Page
Introduction View PDF file
Part One: Rationale for the review of the multilateral treaty-making process View PDF file
Première partie : Raisons justifiant le réexamen du processus d'établissement des traités multilatéraux
I. Purpose of the initiative 7
II. Extent of United Nations treaty-making activity 8
III. Variety of methods used 8
IV. Inquiry not to extend to the work of specialized agencies 10
V. Nature of the inquiry 10
VI. Possible course of the initiative 11
Part Two: Analytical review of the process: report of the Secretary-General View PDF file
Deuxième partie : Réexamen analytique du processus : rapport du Secrétaire général
I. Introduction 15
II. General features of multilateral treaty-making 16
  A. Within the Organization of the United Nations 16
  B. Within other inter-governmental organizations 21
III. Special features of multilateral treaty-making processes 23
  A. Initiation of treaty-making 24
    1. Proposal 24
    2. Pre-initiation studies 24
    3. Formal initiation of treaty-making 25
    4. Decision as to type of instrument 25
  B. Formulation of multilateral treaties 27
    1. Initial draft 27
    2. Negotiation 27
    3. Consultations with Governments and others 28
    4. Drafting committees 29
    5. Languages 30
    6. Final clauses 31
    7. Records and commentaries 31
    8. Conflicts with other treaties 32
  C. Adoption of multilateral treaties 33
    1. Organ 33
    2. Special procedural rules 33
    3. Voting majorities 34
  D. Post-adoption concerns 35
    1. Facilitating acceptance through method of formulating treaties 35
    2. Follow-up on State action 36
  E. Supplementing and updating treaties 36
Part Three: Comments and observations by Governments and international organizations View PDF file
Troisième partie : Commentaires et observations des gonvernements et organisations internationales
I. General comments on the review of the multilateral treaty-making process View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 41
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 42
    Australia 42
    Austria 43
    Brazil 44
    Bulgaria 44
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 45
    Canada 46
    Indonesia 47
    Italy 47
    Japan 47
    Mexico 48
    Netherlands 49
    Qatar 50
    Republic of Korea 50
    Spain 51
    Switzerland 52
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 53
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 54
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 54
    United States of America 55
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 56
    European Conference of Ministers of Transport 56
    International Atomic Energy Agency 57
    International Telecommunication Union 57
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 58
    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 59
    Universal Postal Union 59
    World Intellectual Property Organization 60
II. Overall burden of multilateral treaty-making process View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 61
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 62
    Argentina 62
    Australia 62
    Brazil 62
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 62
    Cuba 63
    Germany, Federal Republic of 63
    Indonesia 63
    Italy 63
    Mali 64
    Mexico 64
    Netherlands 64
    Qatar 64
    Republic of Korea 65
    Spain 65
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 65
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 66
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 66
    Council of Europe 66
    International Labour Organisation 67
    International Telecommunication Union 67
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 67
    World Health Organization 68
III. Overall co-ordination of multilateral treaty-making View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 68
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 69
    Argentina 69
    Australia 69
    Brazil 70
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 70
    Cuba 70
    Germany, Federal Republic of 70
    Indonesia 71
    Italy 71
    Mali 71
    Mexico 71
    Netherlands 72
    Qatar 72
    Republic of Korea 72
    Spain 73
    Switzerland 73
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 73
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 73
    Council of Europe 73
    International Labour Organisation 74
    International Telecommunication Union 74
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 75
    World Health Organization 75
IV. General improvements of the treaty-making process in the United Nations View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 76
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 76
    Argentina 76
    Australia 77
    Austria 78
    Brazil 79
    Bulgaria 79
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 80
    Canada 80
    Cuba 82
    Germany, Federal Republic of 82
    Indonesia 82
    Italy 83
    Mali 83
    Mexico 83
    Netherlands 84
    Qatar 86
    Republic of Korea 87
    Spain 87
    Switzerland 87
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 88
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 88
    United States of America 89
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 90
    Council of Europe 90
    International Atomic Energy Agency 90
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 90
    World Health Organization 91
V. Work of the International Law Commission View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 92
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 93
    Argentina 93
    Australia 94
    Brazil 95
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 96
    Cuba 9.6
    Germany, Federal Republic of 97
    Indonesia 99
    Italy 99
    Mali 100
    Mexico 100
    Netherlands 101
    Qatar 103
    Republic of Korea 103
    Spain 103
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 104
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 104
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 105
    United States of America 106
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 111
    Council of Europe 111
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 111
    World Health Organization 111
VI. Final negotiation and adoption of multilateral treaties View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 113
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 114
    Argentina 114
    Australia 115
    Austria 116
    Brazil 119
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 120
    Canada 120
    Cuba 122
    Germany, Federal Republic of 123
    Indonesia 123
    Italy 123
    Mali 124
    Mexico 124
    Netherlands 125
    Qatar 126
    Republic of Korea 127
    Spain 127
    Switzerland 128
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 128
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 128
    United States of America 128
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 129
    Council of Europe 129
    International Atomic Energy Agency 130
    International Telecommunication Union 130
    World Health Organization 130
VII. Drafting and languages View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 131
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 132
    Argentina 132
    Australia 132
    Brazil 132
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 133
    Canada 133
    Cuba 133
    Germany, Federal Republic of 133
    Indonesia 134
    Italy 134
    Mali 134
    Mexico 134
    Netherlands 134
    Qatar 135
    Republic of Korea 135
    Spain 135
    Switzerland 136
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 136
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 136
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 136
    Council of Europe 136
    International Atomic Energy Agency 136
    International Telecommunication Union 137
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 137
    World Health Organization 137
VIII. Records, reports and commentaries View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 138
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 138
    Argentina 138
    Australia 139
    Austria 139
    Brazil 141
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 141
    Canada 141
    Cuba 141
    Germany, Federal Republic of 142
    Indonesia 142
    Italy 142
    Mali 143
    Mexico 143
    Netherlands 143
    Qatar 144
    Republic of Korea 144
    Spain 144
    Switzerland 144
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 145
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 145
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 145
    United States of America 145
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 146
    Council of Europe 146
    International Atomic Energy Agency 146
    International Telecommunication Union 147
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 147
    World Health Organization 147
IX. Post-adoption procedures View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 149
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 149
    Argentina 149
    Australia 150
    Brazil 151
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 151
    Cuba 151
    Germany, Federal Republic of 152
    Indonesia 152
    Italy 152
    Mali 153
    Mexico 153
    Netherlands 154
    Qatar 156
    Republic of Korea 156
    Spain 156
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 157
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 157
    United States of America 157
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 159
    Council of Europe 159
    International Atomic Energy Agency 159
    Telecommunication Union 160
    World Health Organization 160
X. Treaty-amending procedures View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 161
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 161
    Argentina 161
    Australia 161
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 162
    Cuba 162
    Germany, Federal Republic of 162
    Indonesia 162
    Italy 163
    Mali 163
    Mexico 163
    Netherlands 163
    Qatar 163
    Republic of Korea 163
    Spain 164
    Switzerland 164
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 164
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 164
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 164
    Council of Europe 164
    International Atomic Energy Agency 165
    International Telecommunication Union 165
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 165
    World Health Organization 166
XI. Additional studies View PDF file
  A. Summary of general views expressed during the debate 166
  B. Written comments and observations by Governments 167
    Argentina 167
    Australia 167
    Brazil 168
    Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 168
    Canada 168
    Cuba 168
    Germany, Federal Republic of 168
    Indonesia 168
    Italy 169
    Mali 169
    Mexico 169
    Netherlands 170
    Qatar 170
    Republic of Korea 170
    Spain 170
    Switzerland 171
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 171
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 171
  C. Written comments and observations by international organizations 171
    Council of Europe 171
    International Atomic Energy Agency 171
    International Labour Organisation 172
    International Telecommunication Union 172
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 172
    World Health Organization 173
Part Four: Multilateral treaty-making process in the United Nations, the specialized and related agencies and other international organizations View PDF file
Quatrième partie : Processus d'établissement des traités multilatéraux au sein des Nations Unies, des institutions spécialisées et organismes connexes, et d'autres organisations internationales
I. United Nations View PDF file
  A. Centre for Human Rights 177
    1. Introduction 177
    2. The process 178
      (a) Treaties drafted in human rights organs, forwarded to the General Assembly through the Economic and Social Council and opened for signature and ratification or accession by the General Assembly 178
        (i) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) 178
        (ii) Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949) 181
        (iii) International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) 182
        (iv) International Covenants on Human Rights 183
        (v) Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity 185
        (vi) International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 187
      (b) Treaties drafted in human rights organs. Considered by international conferences convened by the United Nations and opened for signature and ratification or accession by such conferences: Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery. the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery 188
      (c) Treaties initiated in human rights organs and sent for consideration by conferences not convened by the United Nations: draft convention for the protection of journalists 191
      (d) Treaties initiated by international conferences convened by the United Nations and referred to United Nations human rights organs: Convention on the International Right of Correction 194
      (e) Instruments drafted mainly at the final stage by the General Assembly: Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 195
      (f) Treaties conceived in United Nations human rights organs but elaborated elsewhere in the United Nations system 195
    3. The form 195
        Protocol amending the Slavery Convention of 25 September 1926 195
    4. Proposed conventions currently under consideration 197
      (a) Draft international convention on freedom of information 197
      (b) Draft international convention on the elimination of all forms of religious intolerance 200
      (c) Draft international convention against torture 203
      (d) Draft international convention on the rights of the child 204
    5. Initiation 204
      (a) Governments 205
      (b) United Nations organs 205
      (c) Rapporteurs or authors of studies 205
      (d) Non-governmental organizations 206
    6. Provision of drafts or study of issues 206
      (a) Governments 206
      (b) United Nations organs 206
      (c) Rapporteurs or authors of studies 207
      (d) Non-governmental organizations 207
      (e) Secretariat 207
    7. Consultation of Governments 207
    8. Negotiation 208
      (a) Working Group of Experts 208
      (b) Ad hoc committees of government representatives 208
      (c) Co-operation between the Third Committee and the Sixth Committee 208
      (d) Dispensation with general debate in the Third Committee 208
    9. Level of change introduced at last stage 209
  B. Department for Disarmament Affairs 216
    1. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water 216
    2. Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America 217
    3. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 218
    4. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 220
    5. Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 221
    6. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction 222
    7. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques 223
    8. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects 224
    9. Conclusions 227
  C. Division of Narcotic Drugs 228
    1. Introduction 228
    2. The initiative 229
    3. The process 229
    4. Organization of the plenipotentiary conferences 231
    5. Consultations 232
    6. Level of changes 232
    7. Records 233
    8. Official commentaries 233
    9. Conclusions 233
  D. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 249
    1. Asia and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) 249
    2. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) 250
    3. The Asian Rice Trade Fund 251
    4. The first Agreement on Trade Negotiations among Developing Member Countries of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok Agreement) 252
    5. Pepper Community 253
    6. Agreement Establishing the Southeast Asia Tin Research and Development Centre (SEATRADE) 254
    7. Asian Reinsurance Corporation 255
    8. Asia-Pacific Telecommunity 257
  E. Economic Commission for Europe 259
    1. Inland transport 259
    2. Development of trade 260
      (a) Description of stages of elaboration of the 1961 European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration 260
        (i) Initiative 260
        (ii) Preparation of the initial draft by and the role in general of the ad hoc Working Party of Experts on Arbitration 261
        (iii) Readings 261
        (iv) Special meeting concerning Article IV 262
        (v) Adoption and authentication of final treaty text 262
        (vi) Opening for signature and accession 262
      (b) Comment on one aspect of techniques used in multilateral treaties regulating international trade procedures 263
    3. Description of stages in the elaboration of the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution 264
      (a) Initiatives 264
      (b) Preparation of the text of the Convention and of accompanying documents 265
      (c) Convocation of the High-level Meeting on the Protection of the Environment 265
      (d) Meeting of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts to Finalize the Legal and Linguistic Editing of the Documents to be submitted to the High-level Meeting on the Protection of the Environment 266
      (e) Formal adoption of the Convention and of the two accompanying documents 266
      (f) Opening for signature 266
      (g) Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession 266
  F. Economic Commission for Latin America 266
  G. International Law Commission 268
    1. The International Law Commission as a United Nations body 268
    2. Object and functions of the International Law Commission 270
    3. Programme of work of the International Law Commission 275
    4. The role of the International Law Commission and its contribution to the treaty-making process through the preparation of draft articles 278
    5. Consolidated method and techniques of work of the International Law Commission as applied in general to the preparation of draft articles 283
      (a) Preliminary stage of the consideration of a topic 283
        (i) Plan of work on a topic selected for consideration and appointment of a Special Rapporteur 283
        (ii) Request for data and information from Governments 285
        (iii) Studies and research projects by the Secretariat 285
      (b) The first reading of the draft articles submitted by the Special Rapporteur 286
        (i) Discussion of the Special Rapporteur's reports 286
        (ii) The Drafting Committee 286
        (iii) Consideration by the Commission of the texts approved by the Drafting Committee 287
        (iv) Transmittal of provisional draft articles for comments and observations from Governments 287
      (c) The second reading of the draft articles under preparation by the Commission 287
        (i) Re-examination of the preliminary draft articles and the adoption of a final draft 287
        (ii) Recommendations by the Commission to the General Assembly with respect to the final draft articles 288
    6. Other methods and techniques employed by the International Law Commission 290
    7. Relationship between the General Assembly and the International Law Commission 293
      (a) The annual report submitted by the International Law Commission to the General Assembly 293
      (b) Consideration by the General Assembly of the reports of the International Law Commission 294
        (i) Procedural recommendations concerning beginning of work on a topic, continuing work on a topic, giving priority to the study of a topic, completing particular draft articles under preparation, etc. 294
        (ii) Substantive recommendations concerning the study of a given topic or the preparation of a specific set of draft articles 296
        (iii) Decisions on recommendations made by the International Law Commission to conclude a convention on the basis of final draft articles prepared by it 296
    8. Elaboration and conclusion of conventions on the basis of draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission following a General Assembly decision to that effect 299
      (a) By an international conference convened by the General Assembly 299
      (b) By the General Assembly 303
    9. Conclusions 304
  H. Office of Legal Affairs 313
    1. Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations 314
      (a) First stage 314
      (b) Intermediate stage 315
      (c) Final stage 316
    2. Constitution of the International Refugee Organization 316
      (a) Initial stage 316
      (b) Intermediate stage 317
      (c) Final stage 319
    3. Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies 320
      (a) Initial stage 320
      (b) Intermediate stage 320
      (c) Final stage 321
    4. Protocols amending the Convention of 30 September 1921 on the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children, the Convention of 11 October 1933 on the Suppression of the Traffic of Women of Full Age and the Convention of 12 September 1923 on the Suppression of the Circulation of and Traffic in Obscene Publications 322
      (a) Initial stage 322
      (b) Intermediate stage 323
      (c) Final stage 323
      5. Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization 324
      (a) Initial stage 324
      (b) Intermediate stage 325
      (c) Final stage 326
    6. Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 326
      (a) Initial stage 326
      (b) Intermediate stage 326
      (c) Final stage 327
    7. Convention on Declaration of Death of Missing Persons 327
      (a) Initial stage 327
      (b) Intermediate stage 327
      (c) Final stage 328
    8. Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 329
      (a) Initial stage 329
      (b) Intermediate stage 329
      (c) Final stage 331
    9. Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency 331
      (a) Initial stage 331
      (b) Intermediate stage 332
      (c) Final stage 332
    10. Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States 332
      (a) Initial stage 332
      (b) Intermediate stage 333
      (c) Final stage 334
    11. International Convention against the Taking of Hostages 334
      (a) Initial stage 334
      (b) Intermediate stage 334
      (c) Final stage 336
  I. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 339
  J. Outer Space Affairs Division 341
    1. United Nations bodies within which the treaties are prepared 341
    2. Treaties formulated or in the course of formulation 342
    3. Initiation of the treaty-making process 342
    4. Preparation of a treaty 343
      (a) Legal Sub-Committee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 343
        (i) Organization of sessions of the Sub-Committee 343
        (ii) Plenary meetings of Sub-Committee in the first week of a session 343
        (iii) Working Groups of the Sub-Committee 343
        (iv) Plenary meetings in the fourth and last week of a session of the Sub-Committee 345
      (b) Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 346
      (c) The General Assembly 347
    5. Opening of treaty for signature 347
  K. Secretariat of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 348
    1. Introduction 348
    2. The Sea-Bed Committee 350
    3. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 353
    4. The negotiating machinery of the Conference 354
    5. A basic negotiating text 355
    6. The Negotiating Groups 359
    7. The role of the collegium in the revisions of the Informal Composite Negotiating Text 360
    8. The Drafting Committee 362
      (a) Membership and competence 362
      (b) Modus operandi of the Committee 363
      (c) The procedure for adoption of the Committee's recommendations 363
      (d) The language groups 364
    9. Conclusions 364
  L. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) 371
    1. Origin and organization of UNCITRAL 371
      (a) The Commission 371
      (b) Working Groups 372
      (c) Observers 372
      (d) Secretariat 372
    2. Initiation of the treaty-making process by UNCITRAL 372
      (a) Original UNCITRAL programme of work 372
      (b) UNCITRAL's current long-term programme of work 373
        (i) Proposals from the international community 373
        (ii) Proposals from within UNCITRAL 373
        (iii) Consideration of proposed topics by the Commission 374
    3. Consideration of a subject by a Working Group 374
      (a) Usual UNCITRAL practice 374
      (b) The new international economic order (NIEO) 374
      (c) Work in UNCITRAL Working Groups 375
      (d) Study Group on International Payments 376
    4. Consideration of draft treaty by UNCITRAL 376
    5. Consideration of draft treaty by diplomatic conference 377
    6. Opening of the treaty for signature, ratification or accession 378
    7. Nature and scope of elaboration of multilateral treaties by UNCITRAL 378
      (a) Revision of work done by other agencies 378
      (b) Elaboration of new uniform rules 378
    8. Alternative methods and procedures for the elaboration of multilateral treaties 378
      (a) Form of rules 379
      (b) Preferred forum to adopt a convention 379
    9. Status of treaties adopted based on the work of UNCITRAL and draft treaties currently under consideration 379
      (a) Status of conventions 379
      (b) Draft treaties currently under consideration 380
  M. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 382
    1. Introduction 382
    2. The initiative 382
    3. Preparation of guidelines and related materials for the drafting of the proposed agreement 383
    4. Finalization of the draft instruments by a special Working Group or by the UNEP secretariat 383
    5. Adoption of the draft instruments at a conference of plenipotentiaries 384
    6. Characteristics of the UNEP approach to the development of multilateral treaties 384
II. Specialized and related agencies View PDF file
  A. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 384
    1. Decision as to the type of instrument 384
    2. Languages 385
    3. Records and reports 387
    4. Voting majorities 388
    5. Post-adoption concerns 389
    6. Supplementing and updating treaties 391
  B. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 392
  C. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 395
  D. International Labour Organisation (ILO) 396
    1. General considerations 396
    2. Office reports and conference discussions 397
    3. Procedures for the consideration and adoption of conventions revising existing conventions 399
    4. Amendment procedures 400
    5. Other methods of relating new conventions to existing ones 401
    6. Methods of ensuring flexibility necessary for universal application 401
    7. Authentication of conventions adopted by the Conference 402
    8. Current review of procedures for adoption of multilateral treaties (conventions) 403
  E. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 405
  F. International Maritime Organization (IMO) 406
    1. Introduction 406
    2. International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, 1960 407
    3. 1962 Amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 408
    4. Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965 409
    5. International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 410
    6. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement, 1969 411
    7. International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Sea in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969, and International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 412
    8. Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement, 1971 414
    9. Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material, 1971 415
    10. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971 416
    11. Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 418
    12. International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972 420
    13. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea from Ships, 1973 422
    14. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 423
    15. Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974 424
    16. Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) and Operating Agreement, 1976 425
    17. Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claim s, 1976 427
  G. Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) 435
    1. Considérations générales 435
    2. Procédures utilisées 435
    3. Réunions préparatoires 436
  H. Union postale universelle (UPU) 437
    1. Généralités 437
    2. Procédure d'adoption des nouveaux actes 437
    3. Procédure de "renouvellement" des actes de I'UPU 438
    4. Approbation des actes de I'UPU 439
    5. Mise en vigueur des actes 440
    6. Réserves 440
  I. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 440
    1. Multilateral treaties adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO 440
      (a) Inclusion in the agenda of the General Conference 441
      (b) Initial discussion by the General Conference 442
      (c) Preparation of drafts to be submitted to the General Conference for consideration and adoption 442
      (d) Consideration and adoption of drafts by the General Conference 442
        (i) Role of the Executive Board 443
        (ii) Role of the General Conference 443
    2. Multilateral treaties adopted by international conferences of States convened by UNESCO 443
    3. Recent development 444
  J. World Health Organization (WHO) 445
  K. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 446
  L. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 446
III. Other international organizations View PDF file
  A. Commission of the European Economic Community 449
  B. Conseil de l'Europe 451
    1. Introduction 451
    2. L'initiative 452
    3. La décision d'élaborer une convention ou un accord 453
    4. La négociation proprement dite 453
    5. Adoption du texte 454
    6. Dur6e de l'élaboration 454
  C. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) 466
  D. Customs Co-operation Council 468
  E. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 470
  F. European Space Agency (ESA) 472
    1. Introduction 472
    2. The legal framework 473
    3. The treaty-making power 473
    4. The ESRO agreements 473
    5. The ESA agreements 473
      (a) Legal framework 474
      (b) The practice 474
    6. The Memorandum of Understanding of AEROSAT 474
    7. Conclusion 475
  G. Inter-American Development Bank 475
  H. International Commission for the Southeast Atlantic Fisheries 476
  I. International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) 478
  J. International Whaling Commission 482
  K. Latin American Free Trade Association 486
    1. Protocols amending the Montevideo Treaty 487
      (a) Protocol institutionalizing the Council of Ministers of the Association (12 December 1966) 487
      (b) Caracas Protocol amending the Montevideo Treaty (12 December 1969) 487
    2. Protocol supplementary to the Montevideo Treaty: Protocol for the Settlement of Disputes (2 September 1967) 487
    3. Other protocols and treaties 487
      (a) Protocol on the Transit of Persons (12 December 1966) 487
      (b) Water Transport Agreement of the Association (30 September 1966) 487
      (c) Privileges and immunities of the Association and its organs 488
    4. General considerations 488
  L. Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) 489
    1. Introduction 489
    2. Les principaux organes entrant en ligne de compte dans les processus d'élaboration (travaux préparatoires) des conventions de Genève 491
      (a) Le CICR 491
      (b) Le mouvement de la Croix-Rouge internationale 492
      (c) Le Gouvernement Suisse 493
      (d) L'organisation internationale 493
    3. L'initiative des travaux préparatoires dans l'élaboration du droit international humanitaire et les modalités de cette initiative 494
      (a) Les fondements réels 494
      (b) Les sources formelles des travaux préparatoires 495
        (i) Résolutions de conférences internationales de la Croix-Rouge 495
        (ii) Résolutions des conférences intergouvernementales 496
      (c) La délimitation des compétences 497
    4. Organisation des travaux 498
      (a) Le processus de consultation 498
        (i) Les consultations menées par le CICR 498
        (ii) Procédures des consultations d'experts, notamment gouvernementaux 501
        (iii) Préparation et rapports des consultations d'experts 502
      (b) L'organisation des travaux au sein du CICR 502
        (i) Jusqu’en 1945 503
        (ii) Après 1945 503
    5. La préparation des projets de convention 503
  M. Office central des transports internationaux par chemins de fer (OCTI) 506
  N. Organization for the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (OPANAL) 509
  O. Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (CPPS) 511
    1. History 511
    2. Structure of the Commission 511
    3. Operation 512
    4. Procedure for adopting resolutions 512
  P. The Hague Conference on Private International Law 513
    1. General remarks on the scope and history of the multilateral treaty-making process within the Hague Conference on Private International Law 513
    2. The normal system for elaboration of a multilateral treaty within the Hague Conference 513
      (a) The stages of work 513
        (i) The selection stage 513
        (ii) The research stage 514
        (iii) The discussion stage 515
        (iv) The drafting stage 516
        (v) The consolidation stage 517
      (b) Personnel 518
        (i) The permanent secretariat 518
        (ii) The National Organs 518
        (iii) The expert delegates 519
        (iv) Observers of international organizations 519
        (v) Non-member States 520
        (vi) Temporary assistants 520
    3. Extraordinary Sessions of the Conference 520